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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
In Nigeria today the rate of joblessness
is on the increase; because of lack of provision of jobs by the federal
government of Nigeria. Entrepreneurship programmes have really tried recently
to encourage undergraduate to cultivate the spirit of entrepreneurship while
still in school.
The
essence of the introduction of the entrepreneurship programmes in most tertiary
institutions is to give the undergraduate the necessary knowledge background of
the importance of being an entrepreneur.
According
to (baudear, 1910); he defined entrepreneurship as an innovative management. Cantillion
(1965) described it as self-employment accompanied with uncertainty in returns;
Kao (1993) extended the definition to include the process of wealth and value
creation. There are so many definition as regard the research topic; according
to Schumpeter (1934) he considered the
entrepreneur to be an innovator who carried out new combinations; say (1964)
and Knight, (1921) were of the view that he was an extraordinary manager with
Say considering him a highly talented manager and Knight described him as a
managerial risk-taker.
Marshal
(1964) drew a distinction between an entrepreneur and a manager. In more recent
times Drucker (1985) called him an opportunity maximizer. Recent literature on
the entrepreneur can be grouped into the descriptive and the prescriptive
approaches, the traits model and the social development model. Under the
descriptive approach, an entrepreneur is defined by describing the
characteristics or attributes that he possess. Some of the attributes in the
literature include the internal locus of control Rotter (1966), a high need for
achievement McClelland (1961); Brockhaus, (1980), Clayton (1981) and possession
of vision and a sense of mission (Silver, 1986, 1988). Flexibility, imagination
and a willingness to take risks were added to the growing list of attribute by
Stevenson and Gumpert (1985) form their study. A total of eleven common
characteristics were identified in independent studies by Baumback (1981),
Welsh and Young (1984), and Welsh and White (1983): namely: good health,
realism, superior conceptual ability, self confidence, a need to control or
direct (internal locus of control), attraction to challenges, sufficient
emotional stability, self – control, initiative, balance and control and
enterprises (self –reliant attitude supported by confidence in one’s ability to
take risks). Sexton and Bowman (1985) study showed the entrepreneur to be
tolerant of ambiguity, preferring autonomy, aloof, enjoying risk – taking,
resists conformity and readily adapting to changes. Another recent study found
entrepreneurs starting larger firms tend to have more education, more management
experience and objectives that were more entrepreneurial in nature ( cooper, A.
C. et al, 1989). Yee (1992) study supported the risk- taking attitude first
presented by earlier studies an entrepreneur is an incubator of novel ideas who
is distinguished from the run- of-mill small business sense, innovativeness and
the willingness to take risks.
The
prescriptive approach sought to prescribe what an entrepreneur should be, and
not the characteristics of an entrepreneur, Jean Baptize Say (1762 – 1832), for example prescribed
that an entrepreneur must have judgment, perseverance and a knowledge of the
world as well as of business.; and must possess the art of superintendence and
administration. Richard Cantillon suggested that an entrepreneur needs to have
the foresight and willingness to assume risks and take the necessary action to
seize profitable opportunities in the market place. Moussair (1988) stated in
his (unpublished) Ph.D. thesis that an entrepreneur must have the ability to
communicate effectively. Duncan emphasized the need for an entrepreneur should
also have the relevant skills for identifying a market niche and developing a
venture for that niche as a key ingredient for business success ( Duncan,
1991). Chan and Sobey (1993) stated that a person must have the ability to
perceive and evaluate opportunities in a global perspective to be effective as
an entrepreneur in the 21st Century. The traits model sought to
identify a single personality trait or constellation of traits capable of
successfully predicting entrepreneurial behaviour patterns. The best known
trait is the “ Need Achievement” (nAch) associated with McClelland (1961).
Another single trait approach is one which attempts to measure ‘locus of
control or the extent to which people believe that they control their own
destinies.
Gibb
and Ritchie (1981) argued that the traditional view, that entrepreneurs were
born and not made, largely ignored environmental influences. They proposed a
social development model, suggesting that “entrepreneurship can be fully
understood in terms of the types of situation encountered and the social groups
to which individuals relate.” A fourfold typology (the Improvisers, the
Revisionists, the Superceders and the Reverters) spanning the life cycle and
suggesting certain key influences at each stage was proposed. It has been
argued by some psychologists, notably Sheehy (1976), that there are particular
turning points throughout the course of the life cycle, where individuals work
through personal transitions in order to satisfy and reconcile their own
changed goals, needs and ambitions with the opportunities, circumstances and
situations which they currently find themselves in. Despite some early
acceptance, recent criticisms have been cast on the validity of both
approaches. There have been subjectivity and lack of consistency with regard to
measurement of the traits. Training designed to raise levels of nAch has been
said to influence only surface behaviour and usually results in temporary
effects. The social development model has been criticized as being an entirely
situational model, which loses sight of the individual. Further, it dose not
explain more than the “traditional” view that it was critical of and is equally
guilty of not being able to predict who is likely to succeed as an
entrepreneur.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Over
the past decades, due to constant internal and external pressures of low
capacity production, massive unemployment and poverty, collapsed
infrastructural facilities, poor governance structure, massive corruption,
insecurity of life and property, political instability and poor macroeconomic
management. The economy seems to have lost its focus and thus is yearning for
quick intervention. The oil boom has destroyed and distorted our attitude to
work (resource course) and this has affected the psychological quotient of an
average Nigerian who prefers to avoid investments that require special
expertise and innovation. Inaddition, the school curriculum is largely not
geared towards equipping students with skills required for self-employment.
Consequently, thousands of graduates from our tertiary institutions are roaming
the streets in search of jobs that are non -existent. Nigeria is blessed with
abundant human and natural resources which if properly harnessed would have
turned this country into a developed economy. But given the massive corruption,
lack of commitment, the dominant role of the public sector in the economic life
of the nation, the country has lost opportunities for growth and sustainable
development.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.
What are the problem facing the development of entrepreneurship
in Nigeria?
2.
Does the school have any significant effect on students participation in the
entrepreneurship programme?
3.
What are the plans of the entrepreneural intention towards the Nigerian
undergraduates?
4.
Does the tertiary institution encourge their students to become self employed?
5.
what is the role of entrepreneurship programme on the attitudes of Nigerian
undergraduates towards becoming self employed?
6.
Is there any need for entrepreneurship programme in Nigeria?
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis
1
Ho: The school does not have any significant
effect on student’s participation in the
entrepreneurship programme.
H1: The school do have a significant effect on
student’s participation in the
entrepreneurship programme.
Hypothesis
2
Ho: There is no significant relationship between tertiary
institution encouragement and
entrepreneurial intention.
H1: There is a significant relationship between tertiary
institution encouragement and
entrepreneurial intention.
Hypothesis
3
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
entrepreneurship programme and the
attitudes of Nigerian undergraduates to become
self-employed in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant relationship between
entrepreneurship programme and the
attitudes of Nigerian undergraduates to become
self-employed in Nigeria.
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aims of the research work is to
determine:
1.
The problem facing the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
2.
if the school have any significant effect on students participation in the
entrepreneurship programme.
3.
The plans of the entrepreneurial intention towards the Nigerian undergraduates.
4.
If the tertiary institution encourage their students to become self employed.
5.
The role of entrepreneurship programme on the attitudes of Nigerian
undergraduates towards becoming self employed.
6.
The need for entrepreneurship programme in Nigeria
1.6 SIGINIFICANCE OF STUDY
The
research work is an important one as it will discuss the effect of schools on
students participation in the entrepreneurship programme, the study will also
reveal the factor affecting entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. finally
the study will discuss the role played by education and teaching variables in
the development of perceptions about the desirability and feasibility of
entrepreneurial behaviour.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
The
research work focus the role of the schools, entrepreneurship programmes in
exploring the determinants of entrepreneurship spirit among undergraduates
inNigeria.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS:
The researcher was not with sufficient funds; which made him or her not to be
able to visit most of the schools in Nigeria and also not to be able to buy all
the necessary materials but he or she was able to get meaningful information
concerning the reseach topic.
TIME CONSTRAINTS:
The research being a student was left with limited time beause of his or her
involvement in other depoartmental activities; like presentation of seminars,
and other departmental assignment but the researcher was able to meet up with
the time allocated for the completion of the research work.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ENTREPRENEUR: an entrepreneur is a person who creates a new
business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving
profits and growth by identifying opportunities and assembling the necessary
resources to capitalize on them Zimmerer and Scarborough (2002).
ENTREPRENEURSHIP SPIRIT: is
a kind of gift that inspires and
motivate someone without any other external factors others to become the best
they can be. From passion and positivity to leadership and ambition, here are
theentrepreneurs that best define the entrepreneurial spirit.
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